電動汽車充(chong)電接口及(ji)通信協議五項(xiang)新國標發(fa)布 1月1日起實施(shi)

　　2015年12月(yue)28日(ri)，質檢總局(ju)、國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)委聯(lian)合國(guo)家(jia)能源局(ju)、工信(xin)部、科(ke)技(ji)部等部門，在京發布新(xin)修(xiu)訂的(de)電(dian)動汽(qi)車充電(dian)接口及通(tong)信(xin)協(xie)議5項國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)（下(xia)稱：新(xin)國(guo)標(biao)），新(xin)標(biao)準(zhun)已于(yu)2016年1月(yue)1日(ri)起(qi)實施(shi)。

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)接口及通信協議作為實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)傳導充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的基(ji)本要素，其技術(shu)內(nei)容的統一和(he)規范，是保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設施互(hu)聯互(hu)通的技術(shu)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)。此次5項標準修訂全面提升了充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的安全性和(he)兼容性。

　　新標準的出臺(tai)有利于降低因不兼容而造(zao)成的社會資源浪費(fei)，對促(cu)進電(dian)動汽車產業政(zheng)策落地(di)，增強購買使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)動汽車消費(fei)信心將起到積極的促(cu)進作用(yong)。

　　國內現有(you)電動汽車充電設施運營商及運營模式情況盤點

　　自從(cong)2014年(nian)5月國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網開放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施市場(chang)以來，不少民營資本(ben)開始在(zai)這一領域探索(suo)、嘗(chang)試。據(ju)不完全統計(ji)，目前國(guo)內(nei)主流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施運營（服務(wu)）商有十余家，包括(kuo)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、普天新(xin)能源、特(te)斯拉、特(te)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、星星充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、南(nan)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、中石化、華商三優、上海富(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)科技、江(jiang)蘇萬邦(bang)、愛充(chong)(chong)(chong)網、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁等。

　　目(mu)前(qian)主(zhu)流的充電樁(zhuang)運(yun)營商情況如下(xia)：

　　國家(jia)電(dian)網：國家(jia)電(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司計劃到2020年，將在(zai)全(quan)國，累(lei)計建成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)共快充站1萬(wan)座，充電(dian)樁12萬(wan)個，全(quan)面覆蓋(gai)京津冀魯(lu)，長三角地(di)區所(suo)有城市(shi)和(he)其他地(di)區主(zhu)要(yao)城市(shi)的高(gao)速(su)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)快充網絡，總計覆蓋(gai)城市(shi)202座，高(gao)速(su)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)3.6萬(wan)km。

　　普天新能源(yuan)：普天新能源(yuan)有限(xian)責任公(gong)司(si)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統網絡是在中(zhong)國(guo)普天主業(ye)的(de)基礎上(shang)實現(xian)的(de)先進充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)。為(wei)體現(xian)兼容充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，由(you)采用統一的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接口和通信協議來實現(xian)的(de)。目前在深圳可服務五(wu)洲龍純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動大(da)客車(che)(che)、混合動力大(da)客車(che)(che)、比亞迪(di)E6純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動出租車(che)(che)。通過(guo)在站外設置充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終端與(yu)整車(che)(che)連(lian)接，實現(xian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)連(lian)接和控制(zhi)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統由(you)整車(che)(che)（BMS）、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終端、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)以(yi)及刷卡(ka)收費系(xi)統組(zu)成，整個系(xi)統將車(che)(che)輛、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)實時監控數據，反映到總網絡上(shang)去(qu)。

　　特(te)斯(si)拉：特(te)斯(si)拉為車主(zhu)提供了四種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)：家用充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、目(mu)的地充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、超級(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、隨(sui)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當其(qi)(qi)他企業紛(fen)紛(fen)走向合作共建(jian)(jian)統一標準時(shi)，特(te)斯(si)拉依(yi)舊特(te)立獨行，無論是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出(chu)功率(lv)還(huan)是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口(kou)都和其(qi)(qi)他新能源汽(qi)車不同，2015年，特(te)斯(si)拉在中國(guo)建(jian)(jian)成了84個(ge)超級(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，320個(ge)超級(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)以及1,000多(duo)個(ge)目(mu)的地充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，已(yi)經是除美(mei)國(guo)外(wai)擁有充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)數(shu)量(liang)最(zui)多(duo)的國(guo)家。事實上，特(te)斯(si)拉并(bing)不能稱為充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施運營商，其(qi)(qi)建(jian)(jian)設的超級(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和目(mu)的地充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)點更多(duo)是為了達(da)到其(qi)(qi)推(tui)廣和銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的目(mu)的。

　　特來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：青島特來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)新(xin)能(neng)源有限(xian)公司是青島特銳德(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣股份有限(xian)公司的(de)(de)(de)全資子公司。CMS主(zhu)動柔性智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統技術(shu)是由特來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自主(zhu)研發，該技術(shu)可將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)安全性提高100倍以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用壽命延(yan)長30%左(zuo)右。CMS是一套基(ji)于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統技術(shu)，可通過多(duo)區(qu)段調節(jie)，多(duo)維度補償，歷史(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)趨勢追溯(su)，以(yi)(yi)優化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)柔性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流輸(shu)出對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命周期。特來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)顛(dian)覆(fu)了傳統充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)(de)模式，世界首創電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車群智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統，以(yi)(yi)“無樁充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、無電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)插(cha)頭、群管(guan)群控、模塊結構、主(zhu)動防護(hu)、柔性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”的(de)(de)(de)特點引(yin)領世界充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發展。

　　星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)：星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是江(jiang)蘇最大(da)的(de)汽車經銷商集(ji)團—萬幫車業與北京最大(da)的(de)國(guo)企(qi)—北汽集(ji)團共同投(tou)資的(de)新能(neng)(neng)源充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)運營平(ping)臺(tai)。星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)臺(tai)是整合全(quan)國(guo)所有中小充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁運營群體，為(wei)其(qi)提供統一支(zhi)付(fu)、交易管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、運營維(wei)護、增值服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)等(deng)的(de)互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)平(ping)臺(tai)，基于(yu)物(wu)聯(lian)網(wang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與車聯(lian)網(wang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，廣(guang)泛用于(yu)新能(neng)(neng)源汽車智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)領域，實(shi)現向最終用戶提供快捷搜索(suo)、線上預定、狀態查詢、車聯(lian)網(wang)等(deng)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)，具有B2B2C互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)的(de)特(te)點，即(ji)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡平(ping)臺(tai)。星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁分為(wei)一體式直流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機系列和智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)交流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁，具有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)穩定性高(gao)(gao)，安(an)全(quan)可靠，效率高(gao)(gao)，強(qiang)抗震性等(deng)特(te)點；智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁通過(guo)APP進行識別，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)計費，定位及移動支(zhi)付(fu)；每個星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁都(dou)可以通過(guo)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)平(ping)臺(tai)運維(wei)和管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。

　　華商(shang)三優(you)：北(bei)京華商(shang)三優(you)新(xin)能源科技有限公(gong)司成立于2010年2月(yue)。目前開展的業(ye)務為(wei)：新(xin)能源電(dian)動汽車(che)配套充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)施建設(she)和(he)服(fu)務，是集應(ying)用系統解(jie)決方案、設(she)計、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)產品研(yan)發制造、工程(cheng)實施、運維服(fu)務和(he)投資運營為(wei)一體的高新(xin)技術企業(ye)。華商(shang)三優(you)開發的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)產品采用三相有源APFC技術，諧波總量不超過5%，功率(lv)因數達到0.99，這在(zai)國(guo)內充(chong)(chong)產品行業(ye)中(zhong)尚屬首例(li)。

　　萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源：浙(zhe)江萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源有(you)限公司(si)是(shi)浙(zhe)江萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬股份有(you)限公司(si)下(xia)屬全(quan)資(zi)子公司(si)。2014年萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬設立愛充(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，正(zheng)式進入(ru)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡建設與(yu)運營領域。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源提供(gong)多種(zhong)型式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，愛充(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang)(wang)(wang)則(ze)在線上提供(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)地圖(tu)和app應用(yong)，通(tong)過互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)將線上的需(xu)求和線下(xia)實(shi)際的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)連(lian)接起來。

　　上(shang)海(hai)富電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)科(ke)技：上(shang)海(hai)富電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)科(ke)技有(you)(you)限公(gong)司（Tellus Power）擁有(you)(you)5年的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)運營經驗，是(shi)(shi)目前為止在(zai)中國地(di)區能為特(te)斯拉(la)、沃藍達（VOLT）、東風日產、雪佛蘭(lan)賽(sai)歐等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)公(gong)司之一(yi)，也是(shi)(shi)唯(wei)一(yi)一(yi)家通(tong)過美國UL安全認證、歐盟(meng)CE認證和(he)中國CQC認證的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)制造商。富電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)科(ke)技提(ti)供網絡(luo)化的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)交流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，及針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)快速直流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)能源管理服務。富電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)科(ke)技的(de)產品根據(ju)唯(wei)一(yi)的(de)站式設(she)計(ji)，給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)駕駛員提(ti)供充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，無論是(shi)(shi)在(zai)工作區、公(gong)寓、或者零售(shou)店，通(tong)過一(yi)個手機就能簡(jian)單的(de)使用。

充電新國標的出臺或使近半數(shu)充電企業(ye)遭(zao)淘汰(tai)

　　由于充電標準的模糊和部分空白，一個規模達千億級的電動汽車充電樁市場一直在高速發展和無序運營之間撕扯。新國標出臺，使得規模日益龐大且潛力巨大的新能源汽車充電進入了一輪大力度的洗牌期。在新國標之下，一些小而無技術實力的公司，將在新一輪競賽中失掉溫床，最終被淘汰。這對整個行業來講，也是新能源汽車進入健康發展的推動力。
一(yi)直以來，電(dian)網、充(chong)電(dian)樁企業和電(dian)動汽車(che)企業在充(chong)電(dian)業務上(shang)有(you)各(ge)自(zi)的利益和訴求，這也是(shi)此前新國(guo)標距發布雖然只有(you)一(yi)步(bu)之遙(yao)，但卻一(yi)直需要(yao)時間“打(da)磨”的原因。

　　新(xin)(xin)國(guo)(guo)標對于(yu)一些非必選項的(de)參數和(he)標準(zhun)(zhun)擴充的(de)可(ke)能性(xing)留(liu)有余地，對于(yu)涉及安全和(he)兼容(rong)關鍵指標的(de)門(men)檻(jian)設定(ding)得則很高，試(shi)圖倒逼充電(dian)樁(zhuang)企(qi)業(ye)、整車企(qi)業(ye)進(jin)行技術升級、優勝劣汰。新(xin)(xin)國(guo)(guo)標標準(zhun)(zhun)在安全性(xing)和(he)兼容(rong)性(xing)方面設定(ding)的(de)高門(men)檻(jian)，使得新(xin)(xin)國(guo)(guo)標出臺(tai)后，充電(dian)行業(ye)以及相關產業(ye)鏈也不可(ke)避(bi)免(mian)地迎來新(xin)(xin)一輪洗牌。

　　新標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)最(zui)大的改變就(jiu)是增加了(le)速率的規定(ding)和提(ti)升了(le)電磁安全性的要(yao)求。充電樁行(xing)(xing)業很(hen)多中小設備廠商根本(ben)無法滿足這(zhe)一標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，而高標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)也(ye)意味著高升級成本(ben)，很(hen)多中小企業就(jiu)有(you)可能直接退出這(zhe)一行(xing)(xing)業。

　　充(chong)(chong)電(dian)行業這(zhe)幾年來(lai)都是(shi)熱點(dian)，吸(xi)引了(le)大量(liang)的(de)資金和企業參與，這(zhe)導(dao)致充(chong)(chong)電(dian)行業魚龍混雜，僅僅是(shi)制造充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁等相關硬件的(de)配套廠就不下幾百家(jia)。新標準落實(shi)后，預計將有一半(ban)企業會在行業洗牌中死掉。

　　但(dan)充電(dian)新國標(biao)雖(sui)然已(yi)經出臺(tai)，卻并沒有(you)明確(que)相應(ying)的執行(xing)(xing)與(yu)監(jian)管(guan)機制(zhi)——這意味著混(hun)亂還會(hui)持續一(yi)段(duan)時間(jian)。目(mu)前只出了標(biao)準，國家(jia)還沒有(you)出臺(tai)一(yi)套標(biao)準執行(xing)(xing)的管(guan)控(kong)(kong)體系(xi)，這種(zhong)情況(kuang)下出臺(tai)的標(biao)準也就只限于(yu)一(yi)紙空文。必須(xu)從生產開始，對電(dian)動汽車廠商(shang)和充電(dian)樁行(xing)(xing)業進(jin)行(xing)(xing)系(xi)統地把控(kong)(kong)，甚(shen)至需(xu)要第三方強制(zhi)的檢驗監(jian)管(guan)。

　　針(zhen)對市場上充電行(xing)業監管(guan)體系缺乏的現狀，國(guo)標(biao)委相關(guan)負責(ze)人(ren)表示，目前(qian)國(guo)家相關(guan)部門已經(jing)在商討，近期有望出臺一(yi)系列第三方強制檢驗要(yao)求。

 新國(guo)標統一標準之后(hou)，重點在于落地執行和(he)監管。雖然短(duan)時間內混亂還會存在，但(dan)電(dian)動汽車普(pu)及的關(guan)鍵(jian)難點——充電(dian)樁的缺少將逐漸化(hua)解。毫無疑(yi)問，新國(guo)標發(fa)布之后(hou)的2016年(nian)仍(reng)然是新能源車普(pu)及和(he)千億級(ji)充電(dian)樁市(shi)場爆發(fa)的關(guan)鍵(jian)之年(nian)。